Bayan gwajin zazzabin alade na Afirka da annobar fari ta Gabashin Afirka, sabuwar annobar cutar huhu da ta biyo baya tana ƙara girman matsalar farashin abinci da wadatar abinci a duniya, kuma tana iya haifar da sauye-sauye na dindindin a cikin tsarin samar da kayayyaki.
Ƙara yawan ma'aikata da sabuwar cutar huhu ta haifar, da kuma katsewar tsarin samar da kayayyaki da kuma matakan rufe tattalin arziki za su yi mummunan tasiri ga wadatar abinci a duniya. Wasu gwamnatoci na ɗaukar matakin takaita fitar da hatsi don biyan buƙatun cikin gida na iya ƙara ta'azzara lamarin.
A wani taron karawa juna sani ta yanar gizo wanda Globalization Think Tank (CCG) ta shirya, Matthew Kovac, babban darektan kungiyar masana'antar abinci ta Asiya (FIA), ya shaida wa wani dan jarida daga China Business News cewa matsalar gajeren lokaci ta sarkar samar da kayayyaki ita ce dabi'ar siyan masu sayayya. Canje-canjen sun shafi masana'antar abinci ta gargajiya; a cikin dogon lokaci, manyan kamfanonin abinci na iya gudanar da samar da kayayyaki marasa tsari.
Kasashe mafi talauci ne abin ya fi shafa
A cewar bayanai da Bankin Duniya ya fitar kwanan nan, kasashe 50 da annobar cutar huhu ta fi shafa sun kai matsakaicin kashi 66% na kayan abinci da ake fitarwa a duniya. Kason da ake samu daga amfanin gona kamar taba zuwa kashi 75% na man dabbobi da kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da nama sabo. Fitar da abinci mai gina jiki kamar masara, alkama da shinkafa shi ma ya dogara sosai da waɗannan ƙasashe.
Kasashen da ke noma amfanin gona guda ɗaya suma suna fuskantar mummunan tasiri daga annobar. Misali, Belgium tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke fitar da dankali a duniya. Saboda toshewar, Belgium ba wai kawai ta rasa tallace-tallace ba saboda rufe gidajen cin abinci na gida, har ma an dakatar da sayar da shi ga wasu ƙasashen Turai saboda toshewar. Ghana tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke fitar da koko a duniya. Lokacin da mutane suka mai da hankali kan siyan abubuwan buƙata maimakon cakulan a lokacin annobar, ƙasar ta rasa dukkan kasuwannin Turai da Asiya.
Babbar masanin tattalin arziki ta Bankin Duniya, Michele Ruta, da sauransu, sun bayyana a cikin rahoton cewa idan rashin lafiyar ma'aikata da kuma buƙatar da ake da ita yayin nisantar zamantakewa za ta shafi samar da kayayyakin noma masu buƙatar aiki daidai gwargwado, to bayan barkewar cutar, za a iya rage yawan fitar da abinci a duniya da kashi 6% zuwa 20%, kuma yawan fitar da abinci mai mahimmanci da ake da shi a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da shinkafa, alkama da dankali, zai iya raguwa da fiye da kashi 15%.
A cewar sa ido da Cibiyar Jami'ar Tarayyar Turai (EUI), Global Trade Alert (GTA) da Bankin Duniya suka yi, ya zuwa ƙarshen watan Afrilu, ƙasashe da yankuna sama da 20 sun sanya wasu nau'ikan takunkumi kan fitar da abinci. Misali, Rasha da Kazakhstan sun sanya takunkumin fitar da hatsi daidai gwargwado, kuma Indiya da Vietnam sun sanya takunkumin fitar da shinkafa daidai gwargwado. A lokaci guda, wasu ƙasashe suna hanzarta shigo da kayayyaki don adana abinci. Misali, Philippines tana da shinkafa kuma Masar tana da alkama.
Yayin da farashin abinci ke ƙaruwa saboda tasirin sabuwar annobar cutar huhu, gwamnati na iya son amfani da manufofin kasuwanci don daidaita farashin cikin gida. Wannan nau'in kariyar abinci yana kama da hanya mai kyau ta samar da sauƙi ga ƙungiyoyi mafi rauni, amma aiwatar da irin waɗannan matakan a lokaci guda da gwamnatoci da yawa ke ɗauka na iya haifar da hauhawar farashin abinci a duniya, kamar yadda ya faru a 2010-2011. A cewar alkaluman Bankin Duniya, a cikin kwata bayan barkewar annobar gaba ɗaya, ƙaruwar ƙuntatawa kan fitar da kayayyaki zai haifar da matsakaicin raguwar wadatar abinci a duniya da kashi 40.1%, yayin da farashin abinci a duniya zai tashi da matsakaicin kashi 12.9%. Manyan farashin kifi, hatsi, kayan lambu da alkama za su tashi da kashi 25% ko fiye.
Waɗannan illolin za su fi shafar ƙasashe mafi talauci. A cewar bayanai daga Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, abinci ya kai kashi 40%-60% na yawan abincin da suke ci, wanda ya ninka na ƙasashe masu ci gaba sau 5-6. Nomura Securities's Rauni na Abinci Index ta lissafa ƙasashe da yankuna 110 bisa ga haɗarin hauhawar farashin abinci. Sabbin bayanai sun nuna cewa kusan dukkan ƙasashe da yankuna 50 da suka fi fuskantar ƙaruwar farashin abinci. Tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa wanda ya kai kusan kashi uku cikin biyar na yawan jama'a a duniya. Daga cikinsu, ƙasashen da abin ya fi shafa waɗanda suka dogara da shigo da abinci daga ƙasashen waje sun haɗa da Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Masar, Yemen da Cuba. Matsakaicin farashin abinci a waɗannan ƙasashe zai tashi da kashi 15% zuwa 25.9%. Dangane da hatsi, ƙimar ƙaruwar farashi a ƙasashe masu tasowa da waɗanda ba su da ci gaba waɗanda suka dogara da shigo da abinci daga ƙasashen waje zai kai kashi 35.7%.
"Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke kawo ƙalubale ga tsarin abinci na duniya. Baya ga annobar da ake fama da ita a yanzu, akwai kuma sauyin yanayi da wasu dalilai. Ina ganin yana da muhimmanci a rungumi nau'ikan haɗakar manufofi daban-daban yayin magance wannan ƙalubalen." Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike kan Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya, Johan Swinnen, ya shaida wa manema labarai na CBN cewa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a rage dogaro da tushen saye ɗaya. "Wannan yana nufin cewa idan ka samo babban ɓangare na abinci na asali daga ƙasa ɗaya kawai, wannan sarkar samar da kayayyaki da isarwa suna fuskantar barazana. Saboda haka, dabara ce mafi kyau a gina fayil ɗin saka hannun jari don samowa daga wurare daban-daban. "Ya ce.
Yadda ake bambance sarkar samar da kayayyaki
A watan Afrilu, an tilasta wa wuraren yanka dabbobi da dama a Amurka inda ma'aikata suka tabbatar da cewa an tilasta musu rufewa. Baya ga tasirin kai tsaye na raguwar wadatar naman alade da kashi 25%, hakan ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye kamar damuwa game da buƙatar abincin masara. Sabon "Rahoton Hasashen Samar da Abinci da Bukatar Noma na Duniya" da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta fitar ya nuna cewa adadin abincin da aka yi amfani da shi a 2019-2020 na iya zama kusan kashi 46% na buƙatar masara a cikin gida a Amurka.
"Rufe masana'antar da annobar cutar huhu ta haifar babban ƙalubale ne. Idan aka rufe ta na 'yan kwanaki kalilan, masana'antar za ta iya sarrafa asararta. Duk da haka, dakatar da samarwa na dogon lokaci ba wai kawai yana sa masu sarrafawa su yi aiki ba, har ma yana sa masu samar da kayayyaki su shiga cikin rudani." in ji Christine McCracken, babbar mai sharhi a masana'antar furotin dabbobi ta Rabobank.
Barkewar cutar sankarau mai saurin yaduwa ta haifar da matsaloli masu sarkakiya a tsarin samar da abinci na duniya. Tun daga ayyukan masana'antun nama a Amurka zuwa tsintar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu a Indiya, takunkumin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin iyakoki ya kuma kawo cikas ga tsarin samar da abinci na yau da kullun na manoma. A cewar The Economist, Amurka da Turai suna buƙatar ma'aikata 'yan cirani sama da miliyan 1 daga Mexico, Arewacin Afirka da Gabashin Turai kowace shekara don gudanar da girbi, amma yanzu matsalar karancin ma'aikata tana ƙara bayyana.
Yayin da yake ƙara wahala a jigilar kayayyakin noma zuwa masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki da kasuwanni, yawancin gonaki dole ne su zubar ko lalata madara da abinci sabo waɗanda ba za a iya aika su zuwa masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki ba. Ƙungiyar Tallace-tallacen Kayayyakin Noma (PMA), wata ƙungiyar kasuwanci a Amurka, ta ce an ɓatar da sama da dala biliyan 5 na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu sabo, kuma wasu masana'antun kiwon dabbobi sun zubar da dubban galan na madara.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin abinci da abin sha a duniya, babbar mataimakiyar shugabar Unilever R&D Carla Hilhorst, ta shaida wa manema labarai na CBN cewa dole ne tsarin samar da kayayyaki ya nuna yalwar kayayyaki.
"Za mu inganta yawan yalwa da kuma rarrabawa, domin yanzu amfaninmu da samar da kayayyaki sun dogara ne da zaɓuɓɓuka masu iyaka." Silhorst ya ce, "A cikin dukkan albarkatunmu, akwai tushen samarwa guda ɗaya kawai?, Masu samar da kayayyaki nawa ne suke nan, ina albarkatun da ake samarwa suke, kuma su ne inda ake samar da albarkatun da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma? Tun daga waɗannan matsalolin, har yanzu muna buƙatar yin aiki mai yawa."
Kovac ya shaida wa manema labarai na CBN cewa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, sake fasalin sarkar samar da abinci ta hanyar sabuwar annobar cutar huhu ta kambi yana bayyana ne a cikin saurin sauyawa zuwa isar da abinci ta yanar gizo, wanda ya shafi masana'antar abinci da abin sha ta gargajiya sosai.
Misali, tallace-tallace na McDonald's na sarkar abinci mai sauri a Turai sun ragu da kusan kashi 70%, manyan dillalai sun sake rarraba kayayyaki ta hanyar waya, karfin samar da kayayyaki ta intanet na Amazon ya karu da kashi 60%, kuma Wal-Mart ya kara daukar ma'aikata da 150,000.
A ƙarshe, Kovac ya ce: "Kamfanoni na iya neman ƙarin samar da kayayyaki marasa tsari a nan gaba. Babban kamfani mai masana'antu da yawa na iya rage dogaro da shi na musamman ga wani masana'anta. Idan kayan aikin ku ya taru a ƙasashe ɗaya, kuna iya la'akari da rarrabawa, kamar masu samar da kayayyaki masu arziki ko abokan ciniki."
"Ina ganin cewa saurin sarrafa kamfanonin sarrafa abinci da ke son zuba jari zai hanzarta. Babu shakka, karuwar zuba jari a wannan lokacin zai yi tasiri ga aiki, amma ina ganin idan aka waiwayi shekarar 2008 (wadatar da aka samu sakamakon takunkumin fitar da abinci a wasu kasashe) Idan aka fuskanci matsala), waɗannan kamfanonin abinci da abin sha da ke son zuba jari dole ne su ga karuwar tallace-tallace, ko kuma aƙalla sun fi kamfanonin da ba su zuba jari ba kyau." Kovac ya shaida wa wakilin CBN.
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-06-2021